List of tornado outbreaks by outbreak intensity score: Difference between revisions

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In late 2023, American meteorologist and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis created the outbreak intensity score (OIS) as a way to rank tornado outbreaks.^[1]^[2] For the score, only significant tornadoes are counted: F2/EF2 tornadoes receive 2 points each, F3/EF3 tornadoes receive 5 points each, F4/EF4 tornadoes receive 10 points each, and F5/EF5 tornadoes receive 15 points each.^[1] The number of total points determine the rating for the outbreak, which is broken up into seven categories.^[1]

Type of outbreak	Weak	Minor	Significant	Major	Devastating	Historic	Super
Number of points	2–6	7–10	11–29	30–79	80–119	120–249	250+

List

Super outbreaks

There have been two tornado outbreaks which scored more than 250 points on the OIS, reaching the status of "super outbreak".^[1]

Super outbreaks^[1]
Outbreak	OIS score	# of (E)F2s	# of (E)F3s	# of (E)F4s	# of (E)F5s	Total tornadoes	Deaths	Injuries	References
1974 Super Outbreak	578	34	35	23	7	148	319	5,454	^[1]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]
2011 Super Outbreak	378	49	22	11	4	360	324	2,892	^[1]^[8]^[9]^[10]

Historic outbreaks

There have been 24 tornado outbreaks which scored at least 120 points, but less than 249 on the OIS, reaching the status of "historic outbreak".^[1]

Historic outbreaks^[1]
Outbreak	OIS score	# of (E)F2s	# of (E)F3s	# of (E)F4s	# of (E)F5s	Total tornadoes	Deaths	Injuries	References
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak	238	14	6	18	0	55	266	3,662	^[1]^[11]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2003	232	36	20	6	0	363	42	652	^[1]^[12]^[13]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 6–27, 1995	188	39	14	4	0	279	13	500+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of November 21–23, 1992	187	26	15	6	0	95	26	641	^[1]^[6]^[14]^[15]
Tornado outbreak of June 14–18, 1992	186	33	15	3	1	170	1	110	^[1]^[16]^[17]
1932 Deep South tornado outbreak	182	16	10	10	0	38	330	2,141	^[18]^[19]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1982	174	42	16	1	0	329	14	18+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 22–31, 1973	172	41	10	4	0	145	24	820	^[1]^[13]^[20]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2019	172	31	18	2	0	402	8	288	^[1]^[21]^[22]
Tornado outbreak of March 21–22, 1952	169	7	11	10	0	30	204	1,155	^[1]^[23]
1985 United States–Canada tornado outbreak	169	7	12	8	1	44	90	875	^[1]^[24]^[25]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 21–26, 2011	162	31	8	3	2	239	178	1,630	^[1]^[26]
May 1960 tornado outbreak sequence	157	26	10	4	1	71	33	302	^[1]^[27]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1983	146	33	16	0	0	157	6	2+	^[1]
1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak	145	20	10	4	1	152	50	895	^[1]^[28]^[13]
Enigma tornado outbreak	135	25	9	4	0	51+	180+	1,056+	^[29]
2020 Easter tornado outbreak	133	19	13	3	0	141	32	257	^[1]^[30]^[31]^[32]
Tornado outbreak of March 31 – April 1, 2023	129	32	11	1	0	147	26	218+	^[1]^[33]
Tornado outbreak of April 14–16, 2011	129	32	13	0	0	178	38	588	^[1]
June 1990 Lower Ohio Valley tornado outbreak	129	17	5	7	0	66	9	253	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 2–3, 1982	128	14	11	3	1	63	30	433	^[1]^[34]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 19–21, 1973	127	26	9	3	0	68	2	106	^[1]
1991 Andover tornado outbreak	126	18	7	4	1	55	21	313	^[1]
March 1990 Central United States tornado outbreak	126	13	10	2	2	64	2	89	^[1]^[35]

Devastating outbreaks

There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 80 points, but 119 or less on the OIS, reaching the status of "devastating outbreak".^[1]

Devastating Outbreaks^[1]
Outbreak	OIS score	# of (E)F2s	# of (E)F3s	# of (E)F4s	# of (E)F5s	Total tornadoes	Deaths	Injuries	References
1984 Carolinas tornado outbreak	109	7	5	7	0	24	57	1,249	^[1]
2008 Super Tuesday tornado outbreak	107	16	5	5	0	87	57	425	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 2004	106	23	8	2	0	389	7	123	^[1]^[36]
Tornado outbreak of March 20–21, 1976	104	17	8	3	0	66	3	189	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of November 17, 2013	101	23	7	2	0	77	8	190+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 15–16, 1998	100	10	7	3	1	63	12	120	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 22–27, 2008	98	14	9	1	1	173	13	215	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of March 9–13, 2006	97	16	11	1	0	99	10	183	^[1]^[37]
Tornado outbreak of April 27–30, 2014	97	16	9	2	0	82	35	447	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 1971	94	22	8	1	0	76	6	242	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of April 12, 1945	94	7	5	4	1	17	128	1,001	^[3]^[38]^[39]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 1996	93	19	11	0	0	118	6	200+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 2–3, 2012	93	14	9	2	0	70	41	300+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of June 7–8, 1984	91	23	4	1	1	46	13	322	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 7–11, 2008	91	23	5	2	0	120	25	419	^[1]
1979 Red River Valley tornado outbreak	90	25	4	2	0	61	58	1,927	^[1]
2002 Veterans Day weekend tornado outbreak	90	20	8	1	0	76	36	303	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of June 16–18, 2014	89	12	3	5	0	76	2	28	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 25–28, 2024	87	16	9	1	0	129+	5+	157+	^[40]
Tornado outbreak of November 23–24, 2001	83	19	3	3	0	69	13	219	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of December 10–11, 2021	82	16	6	2	0	71	89	676	^[1]^[41]
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 10–16, 1970	81	18	7	1	0	82	3	73	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of June 8, 1974	81	8	9	2	0	36	22	1+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of January 21–23, 1999	81	13	9	1	0	128	9	162	^[1]^[42]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 17–19, 1970	80	10	2	5	0	33	26	68	^[3]
1886 St. Cloud–Sauk Rapids tornado outbreak	80	10	4	4	0	18+	87+	324+

Major outbreaks

There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 30 points, but 79 or less on the OIS, reaching the status of "major outbreak".^[1]

Major outbreaks^[1]
Outbreak	OIS score	# of (E)F2s	# of (E)F3s	# of (E)F4s	# of (E)F5s	Total tornadoes	Deaths	Injuries	References
Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2009	79	12	9	1	0	85	5	112	^[1]
June 2010 Northern Plains tornado outbreak	78	9	4	4	0	93	3	43	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 18–21, 1974	76	18	6	1	0	36	2	1+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 28–31, 1976	73	14	5	2	0	35	10	1+	^[1]
March 1997 tornado outbreak	71	8	5	3	0	39	27	464	^[1]^[43]^[44]
Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007	70	15	5	0	1	132	14	89	^[1]
1980 Grand Island tornado outbreak	68	9	4	3	0	29	6	413	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 22–26, 2016	68	9	8	1	0	98	0	11+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 6–8, 1973	66	23	1	0	1	47	2	41	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of April 8–9, 1999	66	8	4	3	0	54	6	100	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 10–13, 2010	66	13	4	2	0	91	3	127	^[1]
December 2021 Midwest derecho and tornado outbreak	66	33	0	0	0	120	5	3	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of June 7–9, 1993	65	10	5	2	0	107	1	1+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of February 21–22, 1971	64	7	3	2	1	19+	123	1,592	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of April 27–28, 2002	64	12	6	1	0	48	6	256	^[1]
1975 Omaha tornado outbreak	63	14	3	2	0	36	3	137+	^[1]
1994 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak	63	4	7	2	0	29	40	491	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 2, 2007	63	9	3	3	0	57	20	98	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 3–11, 2008	63	14	5	1	0	192	7	84	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 23–27, 1970	62	11	6	1	0	34	3	26+	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of December 23–25, 1982	62	16	4	1	0	44	1	11+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 19–22, 1972	60	10	6	1	0	28	8	42	^[3]
Tri-State tornado outbreak	59	2	4	2	1	12+	751	2,298
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 26–30, 1971	58	9	4	2	0	30	10	187	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of April 22–25, 2010	58	9	4	2	0	88	10	184	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 13–17, 1982	57	11	7	0	0	23	4	1+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 26, 1976	56	3	3	2	1	17	4	89	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of January 7–11, 2008	54	7	8	0	0	73	4	62	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 26–31, 2013	54	12	6	0	0	134	9	172	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 29 – May 2, 1972	53	4	7	1	0	21	0	12	^[3]
2009 South American tornado outbreak	52	6	4	2	0	28	15	1+	^[45]^[46]^[47]^[48]
Tornado outbreak of May 18–21, 2013	50	5	1	2	1	78	26	229	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of March 24–28, 2021	50	10	4	1	0	43	7	37+	^[1]
2012 Leap Day tornado outbreak	49	17	1	1	0	42	15	193	^[1]
2003 South Dakota tornado outbreak	48	9	2	2	0	125	2	19	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of December 1–3, 1982	47	6	7	0	0	38	2	0+	^[1]
2008 Atlanta tornado outbreak	47	16	3	0	0	46	3	53	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of June 5–6, 2010	47	11	3	1	0	53	8	68	^[1]
1997 Central Texas tornado outbreak	46	3	3	1	1	20	28	30	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 2, 2006	46	8	6	0	0	66	27	348	^[1]^[49]
Tornado outbreak of April 9–11, 2011	46	8	4	1	0	49	0	21	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of May 5–10, 2015	46	8	6	0	0	127	5	67	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of June 13, 1976	45	5	2	1	1	16	2	1+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 1977	45	10	2	0	1	22	24	158	^[1]
May 1989 tornado outbreak	45	5	1	3	0	16	7	168	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of November 22–24, 2004	45	15	3	0	0	104	4	39	^[1]^[50]^[51]^[52]
Tornado outbreak of October 17–19, 2007	45	15	3	0	0	63	5	28	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 28–31, 2007	45	10	5	0	0	81	5	26	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of April 19–24, 2011	45	15	1	1	0	134	0	14	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 4–7, 2022	45	10	3	1	0	89	1	17+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of December 12–15, 2022	45	20	1	0	0	77	3	64	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of December 14–15, 1971	44	17	2	0	0	40	2	119	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of April 25–27, 1982	44	7	6	0	0	13+	0	0+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of November 4–5, 2022	44	7	2	2	0	31	2	34+	^[1]
Great Storm of 1975	43	14	1	1	0	45	12	377	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 23, 2000	43	14	3	0	0	33	0	12	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of June 18–22, 2011	43	9	5	0	0	78	0	4	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of December 16–17, 2019	43	9	5	0	0	41	3	14+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of February 22–24, 1975	42	11	2	1	0	23	3	1+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 22–23, 1981	42	11	2	1	0	43	0	12	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 7–10, 2016	42	6	4	1	0	57	2	19	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 19, 1976	41	8	2	0	1	16	0	11	^[1]
Hurricane Ivan tornado outbreak	41	18	1	0	0	120	7	24+	^[1]^[53]
Tornado outbreak of April 13–16, 2012	41	3	5	1	0	113	6	101	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of February 28 – March 1, 2017	41	8	3	1	0	71	4	38	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 21–23, 2022	41	13	3	0	0	85	3	68	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 25–27, 1994	40	10	0	2	0	101	6	1+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 13–15, 2019	40	15	2	0	0	75	3	65	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of September 24–25, 1973	39	2	5	1	0	8	3	66	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of April 6–9, 1998	39	7	2	0	1	62	41	250+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of November 15, 2005	39	7	3	1	0	49	1	108	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of November 27–28, 2005	39	12	3	0	0	73	2	15	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 30 – May 2, 2010	39	12	3	0	0	60	5	31	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of July 1–3, 1997	38	9	4	0	0	52	2	100	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 30 – June 1, 1999	37	6	5	0	0	59	3	1+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of April 10–11, 2001	37	16	1	0	0	79	4	18	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of January 21–23, 2017	37	11	3	0	0	81	20	204	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 24–27, 2023	37	6	3	1	0	35	23	236	^[1]^[54]^[55]
Tornado outbreak of February 12, 1945	36	3	4	1	0	8	45	427	^[3]^[56]
Tornado outbreak of April 1–2, 1974	35	10	3	0	0	23	4	72	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of May 1–3, 2008	35	10	3	0	0	60	6	45	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 9–11, 1973	34	7	2	1	0	16	7	132	^[3]
Tornado outbreak of June 2, 1998	34	7	2	1	0	33	22	77	^[1]
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 14–19, 2023	34	12	2	0	0	93	4	120
Tornado outbreak of December 16, 2000	33	9	1	1	0	24	12	186	^[1]
2010 New Year's Eve tornado outbreak	33	4	5	0	0	37	9	32	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 29–31, 2022	33	9	3	0	0	90	2	17	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of January 12, 2023	32	11	2	0	0	44	8	53
1984 Soviet Union tornado outbreak	31	3	1	2	0	11	403	804	^[57]
November 1989 tornado outbreak	31	8	1	1	0	40	30	523	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of September 21–23, 2006	31	8	1	1	0	48	0	14+	^[1]^[58]^[59]
October 2013 North American storm complex	31	3	1	2	0	22	3	17+	^[1]
Tornado outbreak and floods of April 28 – May 1, 2017	31	8	1	1	0	75	5	70	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of March 12, 1971	30	0	4	1	0	10	1	5	^[3]
1978 Bossier City tornado outbreak	30	5	2	1	0	11	5	277	^[1]
May 2009 Southern Midwest derecho	30	10	2	0	0	39	4	5+	^[1]
Late-May 2010 tornado outbreak	30	10	0	1	0	80	0	0	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of December 23–25, 2015	30	5	2	1	0	38	13	77	^[1]
Tornado outbreak of February 23–24, 2016	30	5	4	0	0	61	7	136	^[1]
August 2017 Chinese tornado family	30	0	0	3	0	3	5	58+	^[60]
Tornado outbreak sequence of June 20–26, 2023	30	10	2	0	0	114	5	126

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- "1974 Super Outbreak: The 50th Anniversary of Roanoke's strongest tornado". WDBJ 7. March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.
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^
Additional references for the 2011 Super Outbreak:
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^ National Weather Service (2020). "May 31, 1985 Tornado Outbreak: 35th Anniversary" (Historiography). State College, Pennsylvania: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
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^ Simmons, Kevin M.; Sutter, Daniel (2012). Deadly season: analysis of the 2011 tornado outbreaks. Boston, Mass: American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-25-7.
^ Beebe, Robert (February 1, 1961). "Tornadoes During 1960". Weatherwise. 14 (1). Midwest Weather Service via Taylor & Francis: 16–29. Bibcode:1961Weawi..14a..16B. doi:10.1080/00431672.1961.9933184. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
^ Quoetone, Elizabeth M.; Andra, David L.; Bunting, William F.; Jones, Debra G. (October 2001). "Impacts of Technology and Situation Awareness on Decision Making: Operational Observations from National Weather Service Warning Forecasters During the Historic May 3 1999 Tornado Outbreak". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 45 (4). Warning Decision Training Division, National Weather Service, and SA Technologies, Inc via Sage Publishing: 419–424. doi:10.1177/154193120104500433. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ National Weather Service. "Enigma Tornado Outbreak of February 19, 1884". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak of April 12, 2020". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ South Carolina State Climatology Office (April 20, 2020). "South Carolina Tornado Outbreak 4/13/2020" (PDF). Columbia, South Carolina: Government of South Carolina. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ Hill, Nick (April 11, 2022). "Remembering the 2020 Easter Tornado Outbreak". WDEF. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ National Centers for Environmental Information (July 2023). "U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (1980-2023)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2023.
^ Fujita, Ted, ed. (April 1982). "Red River Region of the April 2, 1982 Tornado Outbreak". Outstanding Storms of the Month. Storm Data. 24 (4). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center.
^ Jonathan M. Davies; C. A. Doswell; D. W. Burgess; J. F. Weaver (1994). "Some Noteworthy Aspects of the Hesston, Kansas, Tornado Family of 13 March 1990". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 75 (6): 1007–1017. Bibcode:1994BAMS...75.1007D. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1007:SNAOTH>2.0.CO;2.
^ "The May 22nd, 2004 Tornado Outbreak". National Weather Service Hastings, Nebraska. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Dept of Commerce. Retrieved December 7, 2016.
^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak March 12, 2006" (Historiography). Pleasant Hill, Missouri: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ "Top Ten Deadliest Oklahoma Tornadoes (1882-Present)". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. Archived from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.
^ National Weather Service office in Tulsa, Oklahoma (April 26, 2021). "The April 12, 1945 Tornado Outbreak". ArcGIS. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 2, 2023.
^ Grazulis, Thomas P. (May 2, 2024). "OIS lists two MAJOR outbreaks in April" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). Danville, Vermont: @sigtor2019. Retrieved May 2, 2024. 4/26/2024 (NE and IA) had score of 54 (with 12 EF2 and 6 EF3). The next day, 4/27/2024 (mostly OK), had a score of 33 (with 4 EF2, 3 EF3, and 1 EF4.
^ National Weather Service (2022). "The Violent Tornado Outbreak of December 10-11, 2021". Paducah, Kentucky: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ National Weather Service. "NWS Little Rock, AR - The Tornado Outbreak of January 21-22, 1999". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
^ "March 1, 1997, Arkansas tornado outbreak" (PDF). National Weather Service. Silver Spring, Maryland: United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved February 13, 2014.
^ National Weather Service. "NWS Little Rock, AR - Tornado Outbreak (March 1, 1997)". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.
^ "Noticias de Córdoba hoy | Noticias Córdoba".^{[dead link]}
^ "Una pesadilla que se vive en el recuerdo: El tornado que azotó San Pedro y que cambió la historia de la tierra colorada y la tiñó de sangre - MisionesOnline". Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
^ "Cristina en Misiones".
^ "At least 7 people killed in Brazil storms - CNN.com". CNN. September 9, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak of April 2, 2006" (Historiography). Memphis, Tennessee: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ National Weather Service. "NOVEMBER 23 2004 TORNADO OUTBREAK". Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ National Weather Service. "Severe Weather Outbreak - November 23-24, 2004". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ Daniel McCarthy; Joseph Schaefer. 2004 year in tornadoes: What a year it was! (PDF) (Report). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 25, 2023.
^ Andrew I. Watson; Michael A. Jamski; T.J. Turnage; Joshua R. Bowen; Jason C. Kelley (2005). "The Tornado Outbreak across the North Florida Panhandle in association with Hurricane Ivan" (PDF). National Weather Service office in Tallahassee, Florida. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved November 6, 2011.
^ National Weather Service (2023). "The Intense Mississippi Tornadoes of March 24, 2023" (ArcGIS StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. Jackson, Mississippi & Memphis, Tennessee: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ National Weather Service. "Extended Severe Event of March 24-27, 2023" (Historiography). Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ F. C. Pate (United States Weather Bureau) (October 1946). "The Tornado at Montgomery, Alabama, February 12, 1945". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 27 (8). American Meteorological Society: 462–464. JSTOR 26257954. Retrieved May 27, 2023.
^ "Ивановский смерч 9 июня 1984 года: торнадо по-советски" (in Russian). Русская семерка. January 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
^ National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak September 22nd, 2006" (PDF). St. Louis, Missouri, United States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ National Weather Service. "Tornado and Severe Weather - September 22nd, 2006". Springfield, Missouri: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.
^ "佛山顺德气象局".

[GrazulisBook-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap ^aq ^ar ^as ^at ^au ^av ^aw ^ax ^ay ^az ^ba ^bb ^bc ^bd ^be ^bf ^bg ^bh ^bi ^bj ^bk ^bl ^bm ^bn ^bo ^bp ^bq ^br ^bs ^bt ^bu ^bv ^bw ^bx ^by ^bz ^ca ^cb ^cc ^cd ^ce ^cf ^cg ^ch ^ci ^cj ^ck ^cl ^cm ^cn ^co ^cp ^cq ^cr ^cs ^ct ^cu ^cv ^cw ^cx ^cy ^cz ^da ^db ^dc ^dd ^de ^df ^dg ^dh ^di ^dj ^dk ^dl ^dm ^dn ^do ^dp ^dq ^dr ^ds ^dt ^du ^dv ^dw ^dx ^dy ^dz ^ea ^eb ^ec ^ed ^ee ^ef ^eg ^eh Grazulis, Thomas P. (2023). Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project. ISBN 978-1-879362-01-7.

[The_OIS-2] Grazulis, Thomas (August 29, 2023). "The Outbreaks Section". Tornado Project. Archived from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 29, 2023.

[GrazulisOld-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p Grazulis, Thomas P. (July 1993). Significant Tornadoes, 1680–1991: A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.

[4] National Weather Service. "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974" (Historiography). Wilmington, Ohio: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[5] Locatelli, John D.; Stoelinga, Mark T.; Hobbs, Peter V. (June 2002). "A New Look at the Super Outbreak of Tornadoes on 3–4 April 1974". Monthly Weather Review. 130 (6). University of Washington via the American Meteorological Society: 1633–1651. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130.1633L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1633:ANLATS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[2004NOAAPaper-6] Schneider, Russell S.; Schaefer, Joseph T.; Brooks, Harold E. (2004). "Tornado outbreak days: An updated and expanded climatology (1875-2003)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Publications. 1 (1). The Storm Prediction Center and the National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[Media_1974_Super_Outbreak-7] Additional references for the 1974 Super Outbreak:
"What The 1974 Super Outbreak Taught Us About Tornadoes And Forecasting". The Weather Channel. March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

"1974 Super Outbreak: The 50th Anniversary of Roanoke's strongest tornado". WDBJ 7. March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

[8] "What The 1974 Super Outbreak Taught Us About Tornadoes And Forecasting". The Weather Channel. March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

[9] "1974 Super Outbreak: The 50th Anniversary of Roanoke's strongest tornado". WDBJ 7. March 8, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

[8] National Centers for Environmental Information (April 25, 2017). "On This Day: 2011 Tornado Super Outbreak". Asheville, North Carolina: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[9] Knox, John A.; Rackley, Jared A.; Black, Alan W.; Gensini, Vittorio A.; Butler, Michael; Dunn, Corey; Gallo, Taylor; Hunter, Melyssa R.; Lindsey, Lauren; Phan, Minh; Scroggs, Robert; Brustad, Synne (September 2013). "Tornado Debris Characteristics And Trajectories During The 27 April 2011 Super Outbreak As Determined Using Social Media Data". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 94 (9). American Meteorological Society: 1371–1380. Bibcode:2013BAMS...94.1371K. doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00036.1. ISSN 1520-0477. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[Media_2011_Super_Outbreak-10] Additional references for the 2011 Super Outbreak:
"Super Outbreak of 2011: 350 tornadoes killed 321 people". Fox Weather. April 26, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

[13] "Super Outbreak of 2011: 350 tornadoes killed 321 people". Fox Weather. April 26, 2022. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

[11] Fujita, Tetsuya T.; Bradbury, Dorothy L.; Thullenar, C. F. Van (January 1970). "Palm Sunday Tornadoes of April 11, 1965". Monthly Weather Review. 98 (1). United States Department of Commerce: 29–69. Bibcode:1970MWRv...98...29F. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1970)098<0029:PSTOA>2.3.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.

[12] Hamill, Thomas M.; Schneider, Russell S.; Brooks, Harold E.; Forbes, Gregory S.; Bluestein, Howard B.; Steinberg, Michael; Meléndez, Daniel; Dole, Randall M. (April 2005). "The May 2003 Extended Tornado Outbreak". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 86 (4). American Meteorological Society: 531–542. Bibcode:2005BAMS...86..531H. doi:10.1175/BAMS-86-4-531. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[TWCBelles-13] Belles, Jonathan; Wiltgen, Nick (April 28, 2018). "5 May Tornado Outbreaks That Had The Biggest Impacts" (News article). Atlanta, United States: The Weather Channel. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[14] National Weather Service. "NWS Jackson, MS--November 21-22, 1992 Tornado Outbreak". Jackson, Mississippi: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[15] Tungesvick, Kevin; Pytlak, Erik (December 1993). "A case study of the 22 November 1992 Ohio Valley tornado outbreak". Eastern Region Technical Attachment (National Weather Service (U.S.)). 93 (12B). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[16] Frosig, Greg (1994). "16 June 1992 Chandler Tornado and Subsequent Derecho Development". St. Cloud State University Publications.

[17] National Weather Service. "Chandler-Lake Wilson Minnesota F5 Tornado of June 16, 1992". Sioux Falls, South Dakota: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[18] "Super Outbreak - March 21, 1932". 1932 Super Outbreak. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 28, 2024.

[19] "Southeast U.S. Severe Thunderstorm Climatology and 1932 Tornado Outbreak - ProQuest". The University of Memphis ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. December 2019. ProQuest 2377258693. Retrieved March 29, 2024 – via ProQuest.

[20] Ostby, Frederick P.; Pearson, Allen D. (February 1974). "The Tornado Season of 1973". Weatherwise. 27 (1). National Severe Storms Forecast Center via Taylor & Francis: 4–9. Bibcode:1974Weawi..27a...4O. doi:10.1080/00431672.1974.9931674. ISSN 0043-1672. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[21] National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak - May 27-28, 2019". Wilmington, Ohio: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[22] Gensini, Vittorio A.; Gold, David; Allen, John T.; Barrett, Bradford S. (August 28, 2019). "Extended U.S. Tornado Outbreak During Late May 2019: A Forecast of Opportunity". Geophysical Research Letters. 46 (16). Northern Illinois University, International Business Machines Corporation, Central Michigan University, and the United States Naval Academy via the American Geophysical Union: 10150–10158. Bibcode:2019GeoRL..4610150G. doi:10.1029/2019GL084470. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[23] Carr, J. A. (March 1952). "A PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE TORNADOES OF MARCH 21–22, 1952". Monthly Weather Review. 80 (3). WBAN AnalysIs Center & United States Weather Bureau: 50–58. Bibcode:1952MWRv...80...50C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1952)080<0050:APROTT>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[24] National Weather Service (2020). "May 31, 1985 Tornado Outbreak: 35th Anniversary" (Historiography). State College, Pennsylvania: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[25] National Weather Service. "The Tornado Outbreak of May 31, 1985". Cleveland, Ohio: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[26] Simmons, Kevin M.; Sutter, Daniel (2012). Deadly season: analysis of the 2011 tornado outbreaks. Boston, Mass: American Meteorological Society. ISBN 978-1-878220-25-7.

[27] Beebe, Robert (February 1, 1961). "Tornadoes During 1960". Weatherwise. 14 (1). Midwest Weather Service via Taylor & Francis: 16–29. Bibcode:1961Weawi..14a..16B. doi:10.1080/00431672.1961.9933184. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[28] Quoetone, Elizabeth M.; Andra, David L.; Bunting, William F.; Jones, Debra G. (October 2001). "Impacts of Technology and Situation Awareness on Decision Making: Operational Observations from National Weather Service Warning Forecasters During the Historic May 3 1999 Tornado Outbreak". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. 45 (4). Warning Decision Training Division, National Weather Service, and SA Technologies, Inc via Sage Publishing: 419–424. doi:10.1177/154193120104500433. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[29] National Weather Service. "Enigma Tornado Outbreak of February 19, 1884". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[30] National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak of April 12, 2020". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[31] South Carolina State Climatology Office (April 20, 2020). "South Carolina Tornado Outbreak 4/13/2020" (PDF). Columbia, South Carolina: Government of South Carolina. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[32] Hill, Nick (April 11, 2022). "Remembering the 2020 Easter Tornado Outbreak". WDEF. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[33] National Centers for Environmental Information (July 2023). "U.S. Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters (1980-2023)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 17, 2023. Retrieved August 17, 2023.

[34] Fujita, Ted, ed. (April 1982). "Red River Region of the April 2, 1982 Tornado Outbreak". Outstanding Storms of the Month. Storm Data. 24 (4). Asheville, North Carolina: National Climatic Data Center.

[35] Jonathan M. Davies; C. A. Doswell; D. W. Burgess; J. F. Weaver (1994). "Some Noteworthy Aspects of the Hesston, Kansas, Tornado Family of 13 March 1990". Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 75 (6): 1007–1017. Bibcode:1994BAMS...75.1007D. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1994)075<1007:SNAOTH>2.0.CO;2.

[36] "The May 22nd, 2004 Tornado Outbreak". National Weather Service Hastings, Nebraska. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Dept of Commerce. Retrieved December 7, 2016.

[37] National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak March 12, 2006" (Historiography). Pleasant Hill, Missouri: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[Top_10_Deadliest_NWS-38] "Top Ten Deadliest Oklahoma Tornadoes (1882-Present)". National Weather Service in Norman, Oklahoma. Archived from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 14, 2023.

[NWS_Tulsa_ArcGIS-39] National Weather Service office in Tulsa, Oklahoma (April 26, 2021). "The April 12, 1945 Tornado Outbreak". ArcGIS. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved September 2, 2023.

[40] Grazulis, Thomas P. (May 2, 2024). "OIS lists two MAJOR outbreaks in April" (Post on 𝕏). 𝕏 (Formerly Twitter). Danville, Vermont: @sigtor2019. Retrieved May 2, 2024. 4/26/2024 (NE and IA) had score of 54 (with 12 EF2 and 6 EF3). The next day, 4/27/2024 (mostly OK), had a score of 33 (with 4 EF2, 3 EF3, and 1 EF4.

[41] National Weather Service (2022). "The Violent Tornado Outbreak of December 10-11, 2021". Paducah, Kentucky: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[42] National Weather Service. "NWS Little Rock, AR - The Tornado Outbreak of January 21-22, 1999". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[43] "March 1, 1997, Arkansas tornado outbreak" (PDF). National Weather Service. Silver Spring, Maryland: United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved February 13, 2014.

[44] National Weather Service. "NWS Little Rock, AR - Tornado Outbreak (March 1, 1997)". Little Rock, Arkansas: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 30, 2024.

[45] "Noticias de Córdoba hoy | Noticias Córdoba".^{[dead link]}

[46] "Una pesadilla que se vive en el recuerdo: El tornado que azotó San Pedro y que cambió la historia de la tierra colorada y la tiñó de sangre - MisionesOnline". Archived from the original on September 9, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020.

[47] "Cristina en Misiones".

[48] "At least 7 people killed in Brazil storms - CNN.com". CNN. September 9, 2009. Retrieved August 26, 2022.

[49] National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak of April 2, 2006" (Historiography). Memphis, Tennessee: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[50] National Weather Service. "NOVEMBER 23 2004 TORNADO OUTBREAK". Lake Charles, Louisiana: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[51] National Weather Service. "Severe Weather Outbreak - November 23-24, 2004". Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[52] Daniel McCarthy; Joseph Schaefer. 2004 year in tornadoes: What a year it was! (PDF) (Report). Storm Prediction Center. Retrieved January 25, 2023.

[NWSTallahassee-53] Andrew I. Watson; Michael A. Jamski; T.J. Turnage; Joshua R. Bowen; Jason C. Kelley (2005). "The Tornado Outbreak across the North Florida Panhandle in association with Hurricane Ivan" (PDF). National Weather Service office in Tallahassee, Florida. American Meteorological Society. Retrieved November 6, 2011.

[54] National Weather Service (2023). "The Intense Mississippi Tornadoes of March 24, 2023" (ArcGIS StoryMap). ArcGIS StoryMaps. Jackson, Mississippi & Memphis, Tennessee: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[55] National Weather Service. "Extended Severe Event of March 24-27, 2023" (Historiography). Birmingham, Alabama: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[56] F. C. Pate (United States Weather Bureau) (October 1946). "The Tornado at Montgomery, Alabama, February 12, 1945". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 27 (8). American Meteorological Society: 462–464. JSTOR 26257954. Retrieved May 27, 2023.

[57] "Ивановский смерч 9 июня 1984 года: торнадо по-советски" (in Russian). Русская семерка. January 31, 2017. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.

[58] National Weather Service. "Tornado Outbreak September 22nd, 2006" (PDF). St. Louis, Missouri, United States: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[59] National Weather Service. "Tornado and Severe Weather - September 22nd, 2006". Springfield, Missouri: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 29, 2024.

[60] "佛山顺德气象局".

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