The Apache Software Foundation: Difference between revisions

The Apache Software Foundation
Founded	March 25, 1999; 25 years ago
Founders	Brian Behlendorf; Ken Coar; Mark Cox; Lars Eilebrecht; Ralf S. Engelschall; Roy T. Fielding; Dean Gaudet; Ben Hyde; Jim Jagielski; Alexei Kosut; Martin Kraemer; Ben Laurie; Doug MacEachern; Aram Mirzadeh; Sameer Parekh; Cliff Skolnick; Marc Slemko; Bill Stoddard; Paul Sutton; Randy Terbush; Dirk-Willem van Gulik;
Type	501(c)(3) organization
Focus	Open-source software
Location	Wakefield, Massachusetts, U.S.;
Method	Apache License
Revenue (2020)	$2.10 million
Website	apache.org

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The Apache Software Foundation (/əˈpætʃi/ ə-PATCH-ee; ASF) is an American nonprofit corporation (classified as a 501(c)(3) organization in the United States) to support a number of open-source software projects. The ASF was formed from a group of developers of the Apache HTTP Server, and incorporated on March 25, 1999.^[2]^[3] As of 2021,^[update] it includes approximately 1000 members.^[4]

The Apache Software Foundation is a decentralized open source community of developers. The software they produce is distributed under the terms of the Apache License, a permissive open-source license for free and open-source software (FOSS). The Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus-based development process and an open and pragmatic software license, which is to say that it allows developers, who receive the software freely, to redistribute it under non-free terms.^[5] Each project is managed by a self-selected team of technical experts who are active contributors to the project. The ASF is a meritocracy, implying that membership of the foundation is granted only to volunteers who have actively contributed to Apache projects. The ASF is considered a second-generation open-source organization,^{[citation needed]} in that commercial support is provided without the risk of platform lock-in.

Among the ASF's objectives are: to provide legal protection to volunteers working on Apache projects, and to prevent the "Apache" brand name from being used by other organizations without permission.^[6]

The ASF also holds several ApacheCon conferences each year, highlighting Apache projects and related technology.^[7]

History

The history of the Apache Software Foundation is linked to the Apache HTTP Server, development beginning in February 1993. A group of eight developers started working on enhancing the NCSA HTTPd daemon. They came to be known as the Apache Group. On March 25, 1999, the Apache Software Foundation was formed.^[2] The first official meeting of the Apache Software Foundation was held on April 13, 1999.^[8] The initial members of the Apache Software Foundation consisted of the Apache Group: Brian Behlendorf, Ken Coar, Miguel Gonzales, Mark Cox, Lars Eilebrecht, Ralf S. Engelschall, Roy T. Fielding, Dean Gaudet, Ben Hyde, Jim Jagielski, Alexei Kosut, Martin Kraemer, Ben Laurie, Doug MacEachern, Aram Mirzadeh, Sameer Parekh, Cliff Skolnick, Marc Slemko, William (Bill) Stoddard, Paul Sutton, Randy Terbush and Dirk-Willem van Gulik.^[8] After a series of additional meetings to elect board members and resolve other legal matters regarding incorporation, the effective incorporation date of the Apache Software Foundation was set to June 1, 1999.^[3]

Co-founder Brian Behlendorf states how the name 'Apache' was chosen: "I suggested the name Apache partly because the web technologies at the time that were launching were being called cyber this or spider that or something on those themes and I was like we need something a little more interesting, a little more romantic, not to be a cultural appropriator or anything like that, I had just seen a documentary about Geronimo and the last days of a Native American tribe called the Apaches, right, who succumbed to the invasion from the West, from the United States, and they were the last tribe to give up their territory and for me that almost romantically represented what I felt we were doing with this web-server project..."^[9]

Projects

Apache divides its software development activities into separate semi-autonomous areas called "top-level projects" (formally known as a "Project Management Committee" in the bylaws^[10]), some of which have a number of sub-projects. Unlike some other organizations that host FOSS projects, before a project is hosted at Apache it has to be licensed to the ASF with a grant or contributor agreement.^[11] In this way, the ASF gains the necessary intellectual property rights for the development and distribution of all its projects.^[12]

Board of directors

The Board of Directors of The Apache Software Foundation (ASF) is responsible for management and oversight of the business and affairs of the corporation in accordance with the Bylaws. This includes management of the corporate assets (funds, intellectual property, trademarks, and support equipment), appointment of a President and corporate officers managing the core operations of the ASF, and allocation of corporate resources for the benefit of Apache projects. Technical decision-making authority for every Apache project is assigned to their independent project management committee; the participants in each project provide direction, not the board. The board is elected annually by the ASF membership.^[13]

Since March 8, 2024, the board of directors has been:^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

Rich Bowen
Shane Curcuru
Christofer Dutz
Willem Ning Jiang
Jeff Jirsa
Justin Mclean
Jean-Baptiste Onofré
Craig L Russell
Sander Striker

Notes

^ "Apache Software Foundation, Full Filing – Nonprofit Explorer". Nonprofit Explorer. ProPublica. March 11, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Fielding, Roy T. "Certificate of Incorporation of the Apache Software Foundation". Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2009.
^ ^a ^b Jagielski, Jim. "The Apache Software Foundation Board of Directors Meeting Minutes 01 June 1999". Retrieved May 26, 2009.
^ "ASF Committers by auth group". home.apache.org. July 2, 2021.
^ Smith, Brett (June 10, 2011). "Statement on OpenOffice.org's move to Apache". Free Software Foundation.
^ "Frequently Asked Questions". apache.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
^ "apachecon.com". apachecon.com. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
^ ^a ^b "The Apache Software Foundation: Board of Directors Meeting Minutes". April 13, 1999. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
^ "Trillions and Trillions Served". YouTube. Retrieved May 8, 2022.
^ "Bylaws of The Apache Software Foundation". Apache Software Foundation. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ "Licenses". Apache Software Foundation. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.
^ St. Amant, Kirk; Brian Still (2007). Handbook of research on open source software: technological, economic, and social perspectives. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 217–219. ISBN 978-1-59140-999-1.
^ "Apache Corporate Governance". Apache Software Foundation. 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021.
^ Weber, Steve (2004). The success of open source. Harvard University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-674-01292-9. apache software foundation board of directors.
^ "Board of Directors". Apache Software Foundation. 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
^ "How the ASF works". Apache Software Foundation. 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2010.
^ "ASF History Project - Directors Timeline". apache.org. Retrieved May 10, 2021.

External links

Official website
ApacheCon website
“Trillions and Trillions Served” Feature documentary by the Apache Software Foundation detailing its history and impact on the open-source software community (2020)

[nonprofit-explorer-1] "Apache Software Foundation, Full Filing – Nonprofit Explorer". Nonprofit Explorer. ProPublica. March 11, 2022. Retrieved September 19, 2022.

[incorporation-2] Fielding, Roy T. "Certificate of Incorporation of the Apache Software Foundation". Archived from the original on May 31, 2009. Retrieved May 26, 2009.

[effDate-3] Jagielski, Jim. "The Apache Software Foundation Board of Directors Meeting Minutes 01 June 1999". Retrieved May 26, 2009.

[4] "ASF Committers by auth group". home.apache.org. July 2, 2021.

[5] Smith, Brett (June 10, 2011). "Statement on OpenOffice.org's move to Apache". Free Software Foundation.

[6] "Frequently Asked Questions". apache.org. Retrieved June 23, 2023.

[7] "apachecon.com". apachecon.com. Retrieved June 26, 2014.

[:1-8] "The Apache Software Foundation: Board of Directors Meeting Minutes". April 13, 1999. Retrieved April 21, 2021.

[9] "Trillions and Trillions Served". YouTube. Retrieved May 8, 2022.

[bylaws-10] "Bylaws of The Apache Software Foundation". Apache Software Foundation. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.

[licenses-11] "Licenses". Apache Software Foundation. Archived from the original on July 25, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2011.

[12] St. Amant, Kirk; Brian Still (2007). Handbook of research on open source software: technological, economic, and social perspectives. Idea Group Inc (IGI). pp. 217–219. ISBN 978-1-59140-999-1.

[13] "Apache Corporate Governance". Apache Software Foundation. 2021. Retrieved February 24, 2021.

[14] Weber, Steve (2004). The success of open source. Harvard University Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-0-674-01292-9. apache software foundation board of directors.

[15] "Board of Directors". Apache Software Foundation. 2020. Retrieved February 11, 2020.

[:0-16] "How the ASF works". Apache Software Foundation. 2010. Archived from the original on July 22, 2010. Retrieved April 8, 2010.

[17] "ASF History Project - Directors Timeline". apache.org. Retrieved May 10, 2021.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Nonprofit open source software community}}
+{{Short description|Nonprofit open-source software community}}
 {{Use mdy dates|date=October 2018}}
-{{Missing information||revenue sources, membership numbers|date=April 2021}}{{Infobox organization
+{{Missing information||revenue sources and membership numbers|date=April 2021}}{{Infobox organization
 | name                = The Apache Software Foundation
 | logo                = ASF Logo.svg
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 | focus               = [[Open-source software]]
 | method              = [[Apache License]]
-| revenue             = {{decrease}} $2.10 million<ref name="nonprofit-explorer">{{cite web|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/470825376/202230719349300903/full|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|work=Nonprofit Explorer|access-date=19 September 2022|title=Apache Software Foundation, Full Filing - Nonprofit Explorer |date=March 11, 2022 }}</ref>
+| revenue             = {{decrease}} $2.10 million<ref name="nonprofit-explorer">{{cite web|url=https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/470825376/202230719349300903/full|publisher=[[ProPublica]]|work=Nonprofit Explorer|access-date=19 September 2022|title=Apache Software Foundation, Full Filing – Nonprofit Explorer |date=March 11, 2022 }}</ref>
 | revenue_year        = 2020
 | endowment           =
@@ Line 26: / Line 26: @@
 | footnotes           =
 }}
-'''The Apache Software Foundation''' {{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|p|æ|tʃ|i}} ('''ASF''') is an American [[nonprofit corporation]] (classified as a [[501(c)(3) organization]] in the United States) to support a number of open source software projects. The ASF was formed from a group of developers of the [[Apache HTTP Server]], and incorporated on March 25, 1999.<ref name=incorporation>
+'''The Apache Software Foundation''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|p|æ|tʃ|i}} {{respell|ə|PATCH|ee}}; '''ASF''') is an American [[nonprofit corporation]] (classified as a [[501(c)(3) organization]] in the United States) to support a number of [[open-source software]] projects. The ASF was formed from a group of developers of the [[Apache HTTP Server]], and incorporated on March 25, 1999.<ref name=incorporation>
-{{cite web |first=Roy T. |last=Fielding |title=Certificate of Incorporation of the Apache Software Foundation |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/records/certificate.html |access-date=May 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531160220/http://apache.org/foundation/records/certificate.html |archive-date=May 31, 2009  |url-status=live}}
+{{cite web |first=Roy T. |last=Fielding |title=Certificate of Incorporation of the Apache Software Foundation |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/records/certificate.html |access-date=May 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531160220/http://apache.org/foundation/records/certificate.html |archive-date=May 31, 2009 |url-status=live}}
-</ref><ref name=effDate>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Jagielski |title=The Apache Software Foundation Board of Directors Meeting Minutes 01 June 1999 |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/records/minutes/1999/board_minutes_1999_06_01.txt |access-date=May 26, 2009}}</ref> As of 2021, it includes approximately 1000 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASF Committers by auth group |url=http://home.apache.org/committers-by-project.html#member |website=home.apache.org |date=2021-07-02}}</ref>
+</ref><ref name=effDate>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Jagielski |title=The Apache Software Foundation Board of Directors Meeting Minutes 01 June 1999 |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/records/minutes/1999/board_minutes_1999_06_01.txt |access-date=May 26, 2009}}</ref> {{As of|2021|post=,}} it includes approximately 1000 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=ASF Committers by auth group |url=http://home.apache.org/committers-by-project.html#member |website=home.apache.org |date=2021-07-02}}</ref>
-The Apache Software Foundation is a decentralized open source community of developers. The software they produce is distributed under the terms of the [[Apache License]] and is a non-[[copyleft]] form of [[free and open-source software]] (FOSS). The Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus-based development process and an open and pragmatic software license, which is to say that it allows developers who receive the software freely, to re-distribute it under nonfree terms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Brett|date=10 June 2011|title=Statement on OpenOffice.org's move to Apache|url=https://www.fsf.org/news/openoffice-apache-libreoffice|website=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref>  Each project is managed by a self-selected team of technical experts who are active contributors to the project. The ASF is a [[meritocracy]], implying that membership of the foundation is granted only to volunteers who have actively contributed to Apache projects. The ASF is considered a second generation [[Open-source software|open-source]] organization,{{Cn|date=April 2021}} in that commercial support is provided without the risk of [[platform lock-in]].
+The Apache Software Foundation is a decentralized open source community of developers. The software they produce is distributed under the terms of the [[Apache License]], a permissive [[open-source license]] for [[free and open-source software]] (FOSS). The Apache projects are characterized by a collaborative, consensus-based development process and an open and pragmatic software license, which is to say that it allows developers, who receive the software freely, to redistribute it under non-free terms.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Smith|first=Brett|date=10 June 2011|title=Statement on OpenOffice.org's move to Apache|url=https://www.fsf.org/news/openoffice-apache-libreoffice|website=[[Free Software Foundation]]}}</ref>  Each project is managed by a self-selected team of technical experts who are active contributors to the project. The ASF is a [[meritocracy]], implying that membership of the foundation is granted only to volunteers who have actively contributed to Apache projects. The ASF is considered a second-generation open-source organization,{{Cn|date=April 2021}} in that commercial support is provided without the risk of [[platform lock-in]].
-Among the ASF's objectives are: to provide legal protection to volunteers working on Apache projects; to prevent the ''Apache'' brand name from being used by other organizations without permission.
+Among the ASF's objectives are: to provide legal protection to volunteers working on Apache projects, and to prevent the "Apache" brand name from being used by other organizations without permission.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://apache.org/foundation/faq.html#why |access-date=2023-06-23 |website=apache.org}}</ref>
 The ASF also holds several [[ApacheCon]] conferences each year, highlighting Apache projects and related technology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apachecon.com/ |title=apachecon.com |publisher=apachecon.com |access-date=June 26, 2014}}</ref>
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 The history of the Apache Software Foundation is linked to the Apache HTTP Server, development beginning in February 1993. A group of eight developers started working on enhancing the [[NCSA HTTPd]] [[Daemon (computing)|daemon]]. They came to be known as the Apache Group. On March 25, 1999, the Apache Software Foundation was formed.<ref name=incorporation/> The first official meeting of the Apache Software Foundation was held on April 13, 1999.<ref name=":1" /> The initial members of the Apache Software Foundation consisted of the Apache Group: [[Brian Behlendorf]], [[Ken Coar]], Miguel Gonzales, Mark Cox, [[Lars Eilebrecht]], Ralf S. Engelschall, [[Roy Fielding|Roy T. Fielding]], Dean Gaudet, Ben Hyde, [[Jim Jagielski]], Alexei Kosut, Martin Kraemer, [[Ben Laurie]], Doug MacEachern, Aram Mirzadeh, [[Sameer Parekh]], Cliff Skolnick, Marc Slemko, William (Bill) Stoddard, Paul Sutton, [[Randy Terbush]] and [[Dirk-Willem van Gulik]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|date=13 April 1999|title=The Apache Software Foundation: Board of Directors Meeting Minutes|url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/records/minutes/1999/board_minutes_1999_04_13.txt|access-date=April 21, 2021}}</ref> After a series of additional meetings to elect board members and resolve other legal matters regarding incorporation, the effective incorporation date of the Apache Software Foundation was set to June 1, 1999.<ref name=effDate/>
-Co-founder [[Brian Behlendorf]] states how the [[Apache HTTP Server#Name|name 'Apache']] was chosen: "I suggested the name Apache partly because the web technologies at the time that were launching were being called cyber this or spider that or something on those themes and I was like we need something a little more interesting, a little more romantic, not to be a cultural appropriator or anything like that, I had just seen a documentary about Geronimo and the last days of a Native American tribe called the Apaches, right, who succumbed to the invasion from the West, from the United States, and they were the last tribe to give up their territory and for me that almost romantically represented what I felt we were doing with this web-server project..."<ref>{{cite web|title=Trillions and Trillions Served| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUt2nb0mgwg&t=249s|access-date=May 8, 2022}}</ref>
+Co-founder [[Brian Behlendorf]] states how the [[Apache HTTP Server#Name|name 'Apache']] was chosen: "I suggested the name Apache partly because the web technologies at the time that were launching were being called cyber this or spider that or something on those themes and I was like we need something a little more interesting, a little more romantic, not to be a cultural appropriator or anything like that, I had just seen a documentary about [[Geronimo]] and the last days of a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] tribe called the [[Apache|Apaches]], right, who succumbed to the invasion from the West, from the United States, and they were the last tribe to give up their territory and for me that almost romantically represented what I felt we were doing with this web-server project..."<ref>{{cite web|title=Trillions and Trillions Served| website=[[YouTube]] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUt2nb0mgwg&t=249s|access-date=May 8, 2022}}</ref>
 ==Projects==
@@ Line 53: / Line 53: @@
 The board is elected annually by the ASF membership.<ref>{{cite web|title=Apache Corporate Governance|publisher=Apache Software Foundation |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/governance/meetings |year=2021 |access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref>
-Since March 17, 2021, the board of directors has been:<ref>{{cite book |last=Weber |first=Steve |title=The success of open source |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/successofopensou00webe/page/187 187] |url=https://archive.org/details/successofopensou00webe |url-access=registration |quote=apache software foundation board of directors. |isbn=978-0-674-01292-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |publisher=Apache Software Foundation |year=2020 |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/board/ |access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=How the ASF works |publisher=Apache Software Foundation |year=2010 |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/how-it-works.html#structure |access-date=April 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722185522/http://www.apache.org/foundation/how-it-works.html |archive-date=July 22, 2010  |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASF History Project - Directors Timeline|url=https://apache.org/history/directors.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=apache.org}}</ref>
+Since March 8, 2024, the board of directors has been:<ref>{{cite book |last=Weber |first=Steve |title=The success of open source |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2004 |page=[https://archive.org/details/successofopensou00webe/page/187 187] |url=https://archive.org/details/successofopensou00webe |url-access=registration |quote=apache software foundation board of directors. |isbn=978-0-674-01292-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Board of Directors |publisher=Apache Software Foundation |year=2020 |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/board/ |access-date=February 11, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=How the ASF works |publisher=Apache Software Foundation |year=2010 |url=https://www.apache.org/foundation/how-it-works.html#structure |access-date=April 8, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722185522/http://www.apache.org/foundation/how-it-works.html |archive-date=July 22, 2010  |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ASF History Project - Directors Timeline|url=https://apache.org/history/directors.html|access-date=2021-05-10|website=apache.org}}</ref>
+* Rich Bowen
-* Bertrand Delacretaz
+* Shane Curcuru
-* Roy T. Fielding
+* Christofer Dutz
-* Sharan Foga
+* Willem Ning Jiang
+* Jeff Jirsa
 * Justin Mclean
+* Jean-Baptiste Onofré
-* Sam Ruby
-* Craig L. Russell
+* Craig L Russell
-* Roman Shaposhnik
 * Sander Striker
-* Sheng Wu
 ==See also==
@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 * [[List of Apache Software Foundation projects]]
-* [[Apache Attic]]
+* Apache Attic
-* [[Apache Incubator]]
+* Apache Incubator
 * [[Log4Shell]]
 * [[Cloud_Native_Computing_Foundation|CNCF]]
@@ Line 85: / Line 85: @@
 * {{Official website|https://www.apache.org/}}
 * [http://www.apachecon.com ApacheCon website]
-*“[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JUt2nb0mgwg&feature=youtu.be Trillions and Trillions Served]”  Feature documentary by the Apache Software Foundation detailing its history and impact on the open-source software community (2020)
+*“[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qkvqJaX4S50 Trillions and Trillions Served]”  Feature documentary by the Apache Software Foundation detailing its history and impact on the open-source software community (2020)
 {{Apache Software Foundation}}
@@ Line 94: / Line 94: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Apache Software Foundation}}
 [[Category:1999 establishments in Maryland]]
+[[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]
 [[Category:Apache Software Foundation| ]]
 [[Category:Free and open-source software organizations]]
 [[Category:Non-profit organizations based in Maryland]]
 [[Category:Software companies established in 1999]]
-[[Category:501(c)(3) organizations]]

v t e The Apache Software Foundation
Top-level projects	Accumulo ActiveMQ Airavata Airflow Allura Ambari Ant Aries Arrow Apache HTTP Server APR Avro Axis Axis2 Beam Bloodhound Brooklyn Calcite Camel CarbonData Cassandra Cayenne CloudStack Cocoon Cordova CouchDB cTAKES CXF Derby Directory Drill Druid Empire-db Felix Flex Flink Flume FreeMarker Geronimo Groovy Guacamole Gump Hadoop HBase Helix Hive Iceberg Ignite Impala Jackrabbit James Jena JMeter Kafka Kudu Kylin Lucene Mahout Maven MINA mod_perl MyFaces Mynewt NiFi NetBeans Nutch NuttX OFBiz Oozie OpenEJB OpenJPA OpenNLP OрenOffice ORC PDFBox Parquet Phoenix POI Pig Pinot Pivot Qpid Roller RocketMQ Samza Shiro SINGA Sling Solr Spark Storm SpamAssassin Struts 1 Struts 2 Subversion Superset SystemDS Tapestry Thrift Tika TinkerPop Tomcat Trafodion Traffic Server UIMA Velocity Wicket Xalan Xerces XMLBeans Yetus ZooKeeper
Commons	BCEL BSF Daemon Jelly Logging
Incubator	Taverna
Other projects	Batik FOP Ivy Log4j
Attic	Apex AxKit Beehive Bluesky iBATIS Click Continuum Deltacloud Etch Giraph Hama Harmony Jakarta Marmotta MXNet ODE River Shale Slide Sqoop Stanbol Tuscany Wave XML
Licenses	Apache License
Category

Authority control databases
International	VIAF
National	United States