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OXFORD COMPANION TO WINE |
Home : Oxford Companion : Search Results |
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One of the vine bacterial diseases most feared around the world as it can quickly kill vineyards and there is no cure. The disease, along with flavescence doree, is a principal reason for quarantine restrictions on the movement of grape cuttings and other plants between countries. In common with many other economically significant vine diseases, it originates on the American continent. The disease is a principal factor limiting grape-growing in the gulf coastal plains of the United States (see Texas) and southern California. The disease was first described in 1892 at Anaheim in California, and was originally known as Anaheim disease, but was later named after the Californian researcher Pierce. By 1906 the disease had destroyed 16,000 ha/39,500 acres of vines, and there was another epidemic in the 1930s. The disease is today found in the south eastern United States, Mexico, Costa Rica, and Venezuela and probably occurs in other parts of Central and South America. There are isolated, so-called hot spots of the disease beside creeks in Napa and Sonoma in northern California.
Leaves develop dead spots which enlarge and the leaves fall, leaving the petiole attached. Vines die within one to five years after infection. Originally believed to be a virus, the disease is known now to be caused by a bacterium named Xylella fastidiosa. This bacterium lives in a wide range of host plants, and causes damage also to almonds and alfalfa (lucerne). The disease is spread by small insects called sharpshooters (see leaf hoppers), which transmit the disease from host plants to the vineyards during feeding. Thus, in California, one typically sees infected vines within 100 m/330 ft of a vineyard edge, especially where the vineyard borders a stream, as many host plants, especially sedges, grow along the banks. There are no resistant vinifera varieties, and Chardonnay and Pinot Noir are especially sensitive. Varieties developed from Muscadine (see Muscadinia) grapes have natural resistance and are the only ones to be grown where the disease is endemic. In Mexico native vitis aestivalis vines appear unaffected by Pierce's disease. In California growers are advised to avoid planting near hot spots. There is no satisfactory chemical control of either the bacterium or sharpshooters. Since sharpshooters capable of transmitting the disease are already established in Europe and elsewhere, there remains the possibility that the disease may spread significantly beyond America. Despite some scares in Europe, this has not happened. Flavescence doree is widespread, however, and is likely to pose a greater global threat to vineyards than Pierce's disease. Bibliography - Pearson, R. C., and Goheen, A. C., Compendium of Grape Diseases (St Paul, Minn., 1988).
References bacterial diseases California flavescence doree leaf hoppers Mexico Muscadinia Napa petiole quarantine Sonoma Texas United States vinifera
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© Jancis Robinson & Oxford University Press 1999 All rights reserved
No part of this material may be stored transmitted retransmitted lent or reproduced in any
form or medium without the permission of Oxford University Press
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