List of tornado outbreaks by outbreak intensity score
Parts of this article (those related to pre-1974 outbreaks) need to be updated.(March 2024) |
In late 2023, American meteorologist and tornado expert Thomas P. Grazulis created the Outbreak Intensity Score (OIS) as a way to rank tornado outbreaks.[1][2] For the score, only significant tornadoes are counted: F2/EF2 tornadoes receive 2 points each, F3/EF3 tornadoes receive 5 points each, F4/EF4 tornadoes receive 10 points each, and F5/EF5 tornadoes receive 15 points each.[1] The number of total points determine the rating for the outbreak, which is broken up into seven categories.[1]
Type of outbreak | Weak | Minor | Significant | Major | Devastating | Historic | Super |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Points |
2–6 | 7–10 | 11–29 | 30–79 | 80–119 | 120–249 | 250+ |
List
Super Outbreaks
There have been two tornado outbreaks which scored more than 250 points on the Outbreak Intensity Score, reaching the status of Super Outbreak.[1]
Outbreak | OIS score | # of (E)F2s | # of (E)F3s | # of (E)F4s | # of (E)F5s | Total tornadoes | Deaths | Injuries | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1974 Super Outbreak | 578 | 34 | 35 | 23 | 7 | 148 | 319 | 5,454 | [1][3][4][5][6][7] |
2011 Super Outbreak | 378 | 49 | 22 | 11 | 4 | 360 | 324 | 2,892 | [1][8][9][10] |
Historic Outbreaks
There have been 24 tornado outbreaks which scored at least 120 points, but less than 249 on the Outbreak Intensity Score, reaching the status of Historic Outbreak.[1]
Devastating Outbreaks
There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 80 points, but 119 or less on the Outbreak Intensity Score, reaching the status of Devastating Outbreak.[1]
Major Outbreaks
There have been several tornado outbreaks which scored at least 30 points, but 79 or less on the Outbreak Intensity Score, reaching the status of Major Outbreak.[1]
See also
- Tornado intensity and damage
- List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
- List of tornadoes striking downtown areas
- Tornado myths
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh Grazulis, Thomas P. (2023). Significant Tornadoes 1974–2022. St. Johnsbury, Vermont: The Tornado Project. ISBN 978-1-879362-01-7.
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- ^ National Weather Service. "The Super Outbreak of April 3-4, 1974" (Historiography). Wilmington, Ohio: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Locatelli, John D.; Stoelinga, Mark T.; Hobbs, Peter V. (June 2002). "A New Look at the Super Outbreak of Tornadoes on 3–4 April 1974". Monthly Weather Review. 130 (6). University of Washington via the American Meteorological Society: 1633–1651. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(2002)130<1633:ANLATS>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ a b Schneider, Russell S.; Schaefer, Joseph T.; Brooks, Harold E. (2004). "Tornado outbreak days: An updated and expanded climatology (1875-2003)" (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration publications. 1 (1). The Storm Prediction Center and the National Severe Storms Laboratory. Retrieved 29 March 2024.
- ^ Additional references for the 1974 Super Outbreak:
- "What The 1974 Super Outbreak Taught Us About Tornadoes And Forecasting". The Weather Channel. 28 March 2024. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
- "1974 Super Outbreak: The 50th Anniversary of Roanoke's strongest tornado". WDBJ 7. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
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- ^ Additional references for the 2011 Super Outbreak:
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